Advanced technology of architectural design -- Green building design

1. The significance of green building design

1.1 Concept of green design

The application of green design in architectural design industry refers to the implementation of green concept, the use of information technology, and the design content of value-added services provided in conventional design; It is the design of the space, body shape, enclosure structure, structure and equipment system for supporting the hand segment by performance-based analysis after fully considering the local climatic conditions, comprehensive environmental burden, indoor and outdoor comfort and construction economic cost. Take planning and design as the core to fully and comprehensively utilize green technologies, products and materials to achieve the goal of reducing energy consumption and environmental impact.

Figure 1. Concept analysis of green building design

Green design is mainly reflected in the construction of indoor and outdoor wind environment, the control of acoustic environment, the adjustment of light environment and the optimization of thermal environment, etc., and these design optimization are often carried out at the same time, synchronous consideration.

1.2 Features of green design

The differences between green design and traditional architectural design are mainly reflected in the following four aspects. The first is the quantification of the design effect. Traditional architectural design also pays attention to the creation of indoor environmental quality and considers the design of indoor ventilation paths, but basically relies on the experience and perceptual understanding of designers, while green design can go further on this basis, relying on performance-based calculation for quantitative rational analysis, and can control the ventilation effect of each step of design improvement. Design changes or scheme comparisons are supported by quantitative data to make the design more rational (Figure 2).

The second feature is that green design can display quantitative calculation intuitively and graphically, which is convenient for design improvement and result presentation. Some techniques involved in traditional design can only be calculated using empirical formulas or simplified charts, the process is complex and the results are abstract, and the verification of the calculation results can only be realized through the inspection of experience or calculation books, which is difficult to express clearly for some non-professional owners or users. Green design visualizes traditional quantitative design methods with the help of computer simulation technology. FIG. 3(b) shows the air flow organization analysis diagram of a large space building. Compared with the calculation method in FIG. 3(a), the results are clear at a glance, and improvement suggestions can be directly put forward for the optimization of the density of tuyere arrangement, outlet wind speed and tuyere form based on the results.

The third feature is that green design can realize the optimization of building performance design. Simulation is also used in traditional design, but it is generally used to verify the performance of the overall scheme after forming, and the adjustment can only be fine-tuned under the existing design pattern. Green design, on the other hand, involves building performance as a factor in design thinking from the design starting point, closely combines with every step of design for predictive analysis, and even promotes design evolution, so that the overall performance of the building can reach the optimal under existing conditions (Figure 4).

The last feature is the integration of green design. In traditional design, the optimization analysis or technical application of building performance is a single aspect, such as the use of natural ventilation technology to improve indoor wind environment; In fact, the design is a comprehensive process, affecting the whole body, and the optimal design for ventilation may affect the indoor lighting and construction

 

Figure 3 Visualization of green design

Build energy consumption. Green design is a comprehensive consideration of various factors, integrated and collaborative performance analysis, integration and coordination of various professions, the application of green applicable technology, integrated optimization design of buildings.

1.3 Role of green design

Nowadays, the impact of buildings on the environment and the consumption of resources and energy have been paid more and more attention by all walks of life. The emphasis on green and sustainable buildings has been the development trend of buildings in various countries. Through green design, taking building ontology design as the core, coordinating various specialties and properly applying green technology, green building can achieve twice the result with half the effort. The role of green design is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: First, the green concept is implemented from the beginning of the design, so that the building has a good design basis, can adapt to the climate characteristics, thus reducing the dependence on energy consumption equipment, can greatly reduce building energy consumption and building investment; Second, selecting suitable technology for optimal design of green design can greatly reduce the input cost of green technology; Third, green design always aims at building performance, performance analysis is accompanied by every step of design, so as to ensure the environmental quality of the building after completion.

2. Development of green buildings

2.1 International green building development

In recent years, all countries have been promoting sustainable green buildings and implementing green building certification system, and the number of green buildings certified by different green building evaluation bodies has increased rapidly.

The United States green building evaluation system LEED is the most widely used in the world. As of February 2012, a total of 106,908 LEED certification projects have been applied, including 33,198 commercial buildings and 73,710 residential buildings. The actual number of LEED certified projects was 29,748, of which 11,818 were commercial buildings and 17,930 were residential buildings (Figure 5).

 

FIG. 4 Process of scheme evolution of green design

 

Figure 5 LEED certification statistics

Singapore's green building program began in 2005, and achieved good results after seven years of implementation, and its influence has expanded to the entire Southeast Asia region, and it has gradually matured. As of 2011, more than 840 buildings with a total floor area of 25 million square meters have been awarded the green Mark, accounting for 12 percent of the country's total floor area. The Singapore government plans to have 80% of its buildings certified as green buildings by 2030.

BREEAM is the earliest green building certification system in the UK. Since 1990, BREEAM has assessed 25% to 30% of new office buildings in the UK market. As of 2012, more than 245,000 buildings in the world have completed BREEAM certification, and more than 950,000 buildings have applied for certification. In addition, more than 300 buildings in other countries and regions have applied for BREEAM certification (see Figure 6 and 7).

The development of Green Building Certification in Australia As of September 14, 2012, 520 registered projects have applied for the "Green Star" certification, and 501 green building projects have passed the certification, including 409 office buildings, with a certified area of 7 973,691 m2

2.2 Domestic green building development

Since China promulgated the "Green Building Evaluation Standards" in 2006, Successively issued the "Green Building Evaluation Technical Rules", "Green Building Evaluation Technical Rules Supplement (planning and design part)", "Green Building Evaluation Technical Rules Supplement (Operation and use part)", "Green industrial building evaluation Guidelines", "Civil building green design code", "green hospital building evaluation standards", "green shop building evaluation standards" and "green super high-rise building Building evaluation Technical Rules ", "Green Campus evaluation standards", "Green ecological urban evaluation standards" and other standards, and 20 places have launched local green building evaluation standards on the basis of national standards, after gradually improving and developing, forming a relatively complete green building standard system. Combined with the experience accumulation of green projects, the "Green construction evaluation Standards" in 2006 was revised, and the new version of the standard has been completed and will be promulgated in 2014.

With the improvement of the standard system, the growth rate of the number of green buildings is accelerating. Although the evaluation standard for green buildings was introduced in 2006, the number of green buildings in China has only entered substantial development since 2008, from 10 in 2008, 20 in 2009, and has increased to 82 in 2010. In 2011 there were 241 more, almost three times more than the year before; 389 in 2012, 518 in 2013, the number of green buildings is a blowout growth.

 

Figure 6 Forecast of green building development in Singapore

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Green building design from the beginning of the design to implement the green concept, the use of performance-based analysis methods to optimize the design, coordination of various majors, the selection of appropriate technology, so as to achieve the minimization of building impact on the environment, the optimization of building performance and the minimization of building energy consumption. With the vigorous promotion of green building, green building design will be the inevitable development of future architectural design.